Which action marked the end of reconstruction

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However, Grant only had about , more popular votes than Seymour, with the more than , black voters accounting for his margin of victory. Unfortunately, the qualities that had made Grant a fine military leader did not serve him well as president.

Grant had a dislike of politics and passively followed the lead of Congress in the formulation of policy. He was honest to the point of being the victim of unscrupulous friends and schemers. All of this left him ineffective and caused others to question his leadership abilities. Numerous agrarian and debtor groups resisted doing so, believing it would negatively affect the economy, cause deflation, and make it harder to pay long-term debts.

In March , he signed his first act--the Public Credit Act--which endorsed that principle. They convinced Grant that the federal Treasury should refrain from selling gold because the rise in gold prices would raise farm prices. On September 24, , the Treasury was ordered to sell large quantities of gold, causing the bubble to burst.

A congressional investigation led to the formal censure of only two of the corrupt congressmen. The Whiskey Ring affair was also revealed during the election. The Whiskey Ring bribed tax collectors to rob the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues. Grant was adamant that no guilty man involved in the scheme should escape prosecution, but when he discovered his private secretary was involved, he helped exonerate him. Unlike the other Republicans, the Liberal Republicans favored gold to redeem greenbacks, low tariffs, an end to military Reconstruction, and restoration of the rights of former Confederates.

The Liberal Republicans were generally well educated and socially prominent, and most had initially supported Reconstruction. In , voters had to choose between two presidential candidates who were not politicians and who had questionable qualifications. An economic crisis in America followed shortly after the presidential election of Unbridled expansion of factories, railroads, and farms and contraction of the money supply through the withdrawal of greenbacks helped trigger the Panic of This was the longest and most severe depression the country had experienced, with over 15, businesses filing bankruptcy, widespread unemployment, and a slowdown in railroad and factory building.

The split of the Republican Party helped the Democrats gain seats in the Senate and carry the House of Representatives in the congressional elections.

With control of the House, the Democrats immediately launched more investigations into the presidential scandals and discovered further evidence of corruption.

The Panic put the issues surrounding greenback currency back into public focus. Greenbacks were valued less than gold, so people tended to spend them first and save their gold or use it to pay foreign accounts, which drained gold out of the country.

The Treasury had been slowly removing the greenbacks from circulation in order to combat inflation following the Civil War. In , President Grant vetoed a bill to issue more greenbacks. While they now worked for minimal wages or as sharecroppers, they had little hope of achieving the same economic mobility enjoyed by White citizens.

For decades, most Southern Black people were forced to remain propertyless and mired in poverty. To be allowed to reenter the Union, the former Confederate states were required to agree to abolish slavery, but no federal law had been enacted to prevent those states from simply reinstituting the practice through their new constitutions. Between and , the U. Congress addressed passed and the states ratified a series of three Constitutional amendments that abolished slavery nationwide and addressed other inequities in the legal and social status of all Black Americans.

Finally, in granting Congress the power to enforce its provisions, the Fourteenth Amendment enabled the enactment of landmark 20th-century racial equality legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of , and the Voting Rights Act of Shortly after the election of President Ulysses S. Grant on March 4, , Congress approved the Fifteenth Amendment , prohibiting the states from restricting the right to vote because of race.

Though always controversial, these discriminatory practices would be allowed to continue until the enactment of the Voting Rights Act of This political uprising ushered in the period of Congressional or Radical Reconstruction.

Enacted during and , the Radical Republican-sponsored Reconstruction Acts specified the conditions under which the formerly seceded Southern states of the Confederacy would be readmitted to the Union after the Civil War. Enacted in March , the First Reconstruction Act, also known as the Military Reconstruction Act, divided the former Confederate states into five Military Districts, each governed by a Union general. The Act placed the Military Districts under martial law, with Union troops deployed to keep the peace and protect formerly enslaved persons.

The Second Reconstruction Act, enacted on March 23, , supplemented the First Reconstruction Act by assigning Union troops to oversee voter registration and voting in the Southern states. During the s, the Radical Republicans began to back away from their expansive definition of the power of the federal government.

The effectiveness of the Reconstruction Acts and constitutional amendments was further diminished by a series of Supreme Court decisions, beginning in An economic depression from to saw much of the South fell into poverty, allowing the Democratic Party to win back control of the House of Representatives and heralding the end Reconstruction.

By , the legislatures of only three Southern states: South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana remained under Republican control. The outcome of the presidential election between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, was decided by disputed vote counts from those three states.

After a controversial compromise saw Hayes's inaugurate president, Union troops were withdrawn from all Southern states. With the federal government no longer responsible for protecting the rights of the formerly enslaved people, Reconstruction had ended. However, unforeseen results of the period from to would continue to impact Black Americans and the societies of both the South and North for over a century. In the South, Reconstruction brought a massive, often painful, social, and political transition.

While nearly four million formerly enslaved Black Americans gained freedom and some political power, those gains were diminished by lingering poverty and racist laws such as the Black Codes of and the Jim Crow laws of Though freed from slavery, most Black Americans in the South remained hopelessly mired in rural poverty.

At the national level, new laws and constitutional amendments permanently altered the federal system and the definition of American citizenship. After rejecting the Reconstruction plan of President Andrew Johnson, the Republican Congress enacted laws and Constitutional amendments that empowered the federal government to enforce the principle of equal rights, and gave black Southerners the right to vote and hold office.

The most difficult task confronting many Southerners during Reconstruction was devising a new system of labor to replace the shattered world of slavery. The economic lives of planters, former slaves, and nonslaveholding whites, were transformed after the Civil War.

That Reconstruction fell short of fully implementing most of these accomplishments is its tragedy, and that tragedy can be briefly and bluntly accounted for by six factors: the sheer unpreparedness of the victorious Union to undertake something as unprecedented as a political reconstruction of a third of its territory; ….

Was Reconstruction a success? The Reconstruction Era lasted from the end of the Civil War in to